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Chemistry in Class 12 focuses on the study of chemical substances, their composition, structure, properties, and reactions. The subject helps students understand how different materials behave and interact at the atomic and molecular level. It covers important topics such as physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry, explaining concepts like solutions, electrochemistry, chemical reactions, metals, coordination compounds, and organic compounds.
Study of solids, types of crystal structures, unit cells, packing in solids, defects in solids, and electrical and magnetic properties of solids.
Concept of solutions, types of solutions, concentration terms, Raoult’s law, colligative properties, and abnormal molecular mass.
Electrochemical cells, galvanic and electrolytic cells, electrode potential, Nernst equation, conductance of electrolytes, and electrolysis.
Rate of chemical reactions, factors affecting reaction rate, rate law, order of reaction, and activation energy.
Adsorption, catalysis, colloids, types of colloids, and applications of surface chemistry.
Extraction of metals from ores, concentration, roasting, calcination, refining methods, and metallurgy.
Study of elements of Groups 15, 16, 17, and 18 including their properties, compounds, and uses.
Properties of transition and inner transition elements, electronic configuration, oxidation states, and important compounds.
Structure and bonding in coordination compounds, nomenclature, isomerism, and applications.
Preparation, properties, reactions, and uses of halogen-containing organic compounds.
Preparation, properties, reactions, and uses of alcohols, phenols, and ethers.
Structure, preparation, properties, and chemical reactions of these organic compounds.
Classification, preparation, properties, reactions, and uses of amines.
Study of carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and nucleic acids.
Types of polymers, polymerization processes, natural and synthetic polymers, and their applications.
Role of chemicals in medicines, food additives, cleansing agents, and daily life products.
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